What are the 5 toxidromes?
The most commonly encountered toxidromes are the: (a) anticholinergic, (b) cholinergic, (c) opioid, (d) sedative-hypnotic, and (e) sympathomimetic (also known as the adrenergic or stimulant) toxidromes.
How do you remember toxidromes?
Now, to better remember the anticholinergic toxidrome, we can use the following memory trick: red as a beet for cutaneous vasodilation, dry as a bone for anhidrosis, hot as a hare for hyperthermia, blind as a bat for nonreactive mydriasis, mad as a hatter for hallucinations and delirium and finally full as a flask for …
How do antidotes work?
Antidotes are agents that negate the effect of a poison or toxin. Antidotes mediate its effect either by preventing the absorption of the toxin, by binding and neutralizing the poison, antagonizing its end-organ effect, or by inhibition of conversion of the toxin to more toxic metabolites.
What is toxicity in medicine?
Toxicity refers to how poisonous or harmful a substance can be. In the context of pharmacology, drug toxicity occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leading to adverse effects on the body.
What is cholinergic toxidrome?
The cholinergic toxidrome represents the acute phase of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. It results from the accumulation of excessive levels of acetylcholine in the synapses, glands, smooth muscles, and motor end plates where cholinergic receptors are found.
What is sympathomimetic toxidrome?
The sympathomimetic toxidrome is a combination of physical findings characteristic of overdose of certain classes of drugs, including cocaine and amphetamines.
What is anticholinergic toxidrome?
Anticholinergic syndrome results from competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at central and peripheral muscarinic receptors. Central inhibition leads to an agitated (hyperactive) delirium – typically including confusion, restlessness and picking at imaginary objects – which characterises this toxidrome.
What are the types of antidotes?
Some examples of antidotes include:
- Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning.
- Activated charcoal for most poisons.
- Atropine for organophosphates and carbamates.
- Digoxin immune fab for digoxin toxicity.
- Dimercaprol for arsenic, gold, or inorganic mercury poisoning.
- Flumazenil for benzodiazepine overdose.
How do you create an antidote?
The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals’ blood….List of antidotes.
Agent | Indication |
---|---|
Prussian blue | Thallium poisoning |
Physostigmine sulfate | Anticholinergic poisoning |
What are the two types of toxicity?
The two types of toxicity are acute and chronic. Acute toxicity of a pesticide refers to the chemical’s ability to cause injury to a person or animal from a single exposure, generally of short duration. The four routes of exposure are dermal (skin), inhalation (lungs), oral (mouth), and eyes.
What is the difference between cholinergic and anticholinergic?
A. Cholinergic drugs stimulate the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system by activating receptors for acetylcholine. Anticholinergic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by blocking the action of acetylcholine so that it cannot bind to receptors that initiate the parasympathetic response.
What is toxidrome?
A toxic syndrome or toxidrome is a ‘clinical fingerprint’, characterised by a classic constellation of symptoms and signs due to toxic effects of chemicals in the body
Why is toxidrome recognition important in the diagnosis of toxic syndrome?
Toxic syndrome or toxidrome recognition is important for rapid detection of the suspected cause and helps focus the differential diagnosis to those few chemicals which have similar toxic effects Sedating antihistamines (eg promethazine, doxylamine, cyproheptadine, pheniramine, alimemazine)
What should be observed in the workup of toxidrome?
Special attention should be paid to the observation of the skin and eyes, as they can provide significant information in the recognition of a toxidrome. Specifically, observe whether the skin is warm or cool, moist or dry, red or pale. The pupils should be observed for miosis (constriction) or myosis (dilation).
How to remember the anticholinergic toxidrome?
Now, to better remember the anticholinergic toxidrome, we can use the following memory trick: red as a beet for cutaneous vasodilation, dry as a bone for anhidrosis, hot as a hare for hyperthermia, blind as a bat for nonreactive mydriasis, mad as a hatter for hallucinations and delirium and finally full as a flask for urinary retention.